Why Do Some Groups of People Feel Discriminated Again
Discrimination and intolerance
What are bigotry and intolerance?
Discrimination – in all its possible forms and expressions – is one of the most mutual forms of homo rights violations and abuse. It affects millions of people everyday and it is one of the well-nigh hard to recognise. Bigotry and intolerance are closely related concepts. Intolerance is a lack of respect for practices or beliefs other than one's ain. Information technology also involves the rejection of people whom nosotros perceive as different, for instance members of a social or ethnic group other than ours, or people who are different in political or sexual orientation. Intolerance can manifest itself in a broad range of actions from avoidance through hate spoken language to physical injury or fifty-fifty murder.
Discrimination occurs when people are treated less favourably than other people are in a comparable situation merely because they vest, or are perceived to belong to a certain group or category of people. People may be discriminated against considering of their age, disability, ethnicity, origin, political belief, race, religion, sex or gender, sexual orientation, language, culture and on many other grounds. Bigotry, which is often the result of prejudices people concur, makes people powerless, impedes them from becoming active citizens, restricts them from developing their skills and, in many situations, from accessing work, health services, education or adaptation.
Discrimination has direct consequences on those people and groups being discriminated against, simply it has too indirect and deep consequences on guild as a whole. A society where discrimination is allowed or tolerated is a gild where people are deprived from freely exercising their full potential for themselves and for society.
This section describes different faces of bigotry, the way it affects human being rights, as well as the measures and initiatives that are underway or should be introduced to counter intolerance and discrimination and to contribute to a culture of peace and human rights. Some of the most pervasive forms of discrimination, such as discrimination based on inability, gender or organized religion, are also presented in more than particular in other sections of this chapter.
The principles of equality and non-discrimination are laid down in the UDHR: "All human beings are born free and equal in nobility and rights" (Article 1). This concept of equality in dignity and rights is embedded in contemporary commonwealth, so states are obliged to protect various minorities and vulnerable groups from unequal handling. Article ii enshrines freedom from bigotry: "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set along in this Proclamation, without distinction of any kind".
The Council of Europe fellow member states are as well committed to non-discrimination in Article xiv of the European Convention on Human Rights. This commodity only gives protection from discrimination in relation to the enjoyment of the other rights gear up forth in the convention. Protocol 12 to the ECHR was drawn upwards to provide a stronger, free-standing right to equality and a general prohibition of discrimination: "The enjoyment of whatsoever right ready forth past law shall exist secured without discrimination on any ground…"i Thus, this protocol broadens the telescopic of the ECHR every bit information technology covers discrimination in whatsoever legal right, even when that right is not specifically covered by the convention.
Question: Has your country ratified Protocol 12 to the ECHR?
Straight and indirect discrimination
Bigotry may be practised in a direct or indirect way. Direct bigotry is characterised by the intent to discriminate against a person or a grouping, for example when an employment office rejects Roma job applicants or a housing company does not lend flats to immigrants. Indirect discrimination occurs when an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice de facto puts representatives of a particular group at a disadvantage compared with others. Examples may range from a minimum tiptop criterion for fire-fighters (which may exclude many more than female than male applicants) to the department shop which does not hire people who encompass their heads. These rules, obviously neutral in their language, may in fact disproportionately disadvantage members of certain social groups. Both direct and indirect bigotry are forbidden under the human rights instruments; Indirect discrimination is frequently more pervasive and difficult to prove than straight discrimination.
Question: Have you ever felt discriminated confronting?
Structural discrimination
Structural bigotry is based on the very mode in which our society is organised. The system itself disadvantages sure groups of people. Structural discrimination works through norms, routines, patterns of attitudes and behaviour that create obstacles in achieving real equality or equal opportunities. Structural discrimination oftentimes manifests itself every bit institutional bias, mechanisms that consistently err in favour of one group and discriminate against another or others. These are cases when the resulting discrimination is clearly not rooted in an private's conviction regarding a person or a grouping of people, but in institutional structures, be they legal, organisational, then on. The challenge of structural discrimination is to make it visible, as we often grow up with information technology beingness cocky-evident and unquestioned.
The beingness of structural discrimination leaves states with the challenge of adopting policies that look not but at the legal framework but at other incentives likewise, taking into business relationship patterns of behaviour and how dissimilar institutions operate. Human rights didactics may be one of the responses to this trouble.
Affirmative action
In some cases a preferential or positive handling of people belonging to certain groups may be applied as an endeavour to alleviate or redress the harms caused by structural discriminations. Affirmative action, sometimes called "positive discrimination", may not only be allowed but fifty-fifty welcomed in order to counter inequality. For example, economic differences betwixt rural and urban areas may lead to a different level of access to services. This may result in inequality unless special efforts are taken to counterbalance the effects of the original economic imbalance. In such cases the preferential treatment is necessary to secure constructive equality rather than causing inequality.
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Bigotry stipulates that affirmative activeness programmes may be required of countries that have ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. Such measures, however, "shall in no case entail every bit a effect the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for different racial groups afterwards the objectives for which they were taken take been achieved".
Multiple discrimination
Each ane of usa belongs to or identifies with several social groups. When dealing with whatever particular disadvantaged social group, information technology is important to exist aware of the internal heterogeneity of the grouping and the potential for multiple grounds of discrimination. These multiple identifications not but mean more possibilities of discrimination, merely tin as well come from several directions: for example, a lesbian Roma woman might be bailiwick to multiple bigotry by heterosexual non-Roma; at the same time she can be subject to homophobia inside the Roma customs and discipline to racism inside the LGBT customs. In most cases multiple discrimination occurs to so-called visible minorities, women and people with disabilities.
Majorities and minorities
Discrimination is usually exerted past majorities upon minorities, even though bigotry from minorities too exists. Being in the majority is a static or a dynamic situation, depending on many factors. When we are on the winning side in a democratic election, we are in the bulk as a result of our convictions, a conclusion, or, for example, the outcome of a vote. If our convictions change, or the party nosotros support loses the next election, our bulk status is no longer valid. At that place are more static positions of bulk and minority, when i or several aspects of our identity (nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender, lifestyle, inability) are representative of a group that constitutes less (commonly much less) than 50% of the whole of the population of a given geographical unit.
Democracies are vulnerable to the "tyranny of majority": a situation in which the majority rule is so oppressive that it completely disregards the needs and wants of members of minorities. The homo rights framework not simply protects citizens from the oppression of an individual or a small group of individuals, merely is also a means of protection for minorities against the bulk.
Question: Tin can y'all think of someone who may never experience bigotry?
The role of stereotypes and prejudices
A stereotype is a generalised conventionalities or opinion about a particular group of people, for example, that entrepreneurs are ambitious, public servants are humourless, or that women have long hair and wear skirts. The main function of stereotypes is to simplify reality. Stereotypes are usually based either on some kind of personal experience or on impressions that nosotros have acquired during early on childhood socialisation from adults surrounding us at home, in schoolhouse or through mass media, which and then become generalised to take in all the people who could possibly exist linked.3
A prejudice is a judgment, ordinarily negative, we make near another person or other people without really knowing them. Only like stereotypes, prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation procedure. One departure between a stereotype and a prejudice is that when enough information is available well-nigh an private or a item state of affairs, we do abroad with our stereotypes. Prejudice rather works like a screen through which nosotros perceive whatever given piece of reality: thus, data alone usually is non plenty to get rid of a prejudice, as prejudices change our perceptions of reality; nosotros volition process information that confirms our prejudice and fail to notice or "forget" anything that is in opposition. Prejudices are, therefore, very difficult to overcome; if contradicted by facts, we'd rather deny the facts than question the prejudice ("but he's non a real Christian"; "she is an exception").
Bigotry and intolerance are often based on or justified by prejudice and stereotyping of people and social groups, consciously or unconsciously; they are an expression of prejudice in practice. Structural discrimination is the result of perpetuated forms of prejudice.
Forms of intolerance and discrimination
Xenophobia
The Oxford English language Lexicon defines xenophobia as "a morbid fright of foreigners or foreign countries". In other words, it ways an irrational aversion to strangers or foreigners; information technology is irrational because it is not necessarily based on any direct concrete experiences of threat posed past foreigners. Xenophobia is a prejudice related to the faux notion that people from other countries, groups, cultures, or speaking other languages are a threat.
Xenophobia is closely related to racism: the more "unlike" the other is perceived, the stronger the fears and negative feelings tend to be. Xenophobia is one of the near common forms of and grounds for bigotry and it is for this that it is a challenge to human rights.
Question: Who are the targets of xenophobia in your society?
Racism
Some prejudices may transform into ideologies and feed hatred. One such ideology is racism. Racism involves discriminatory or abusive behaviour towards people because of their imagined "inferiority". At that place has been broad-spread belief that at that place are homo races inside the human species, distinguishable on the basis of concrete differences. Scientific enquiry shows, however, that "human populations are not unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups"4, and that race is an imagined entity or social construct. All humans belong to the same species and, therefore, it makes no sense to talk of "races".
The impact of racist ideologies has been devastating to humanity; it has justified slavery, colonialism, apartheid, forced sterilisations and annihilations of peoples. Information technology has been the ground of the Nazi ideologies and of the programmes to exterminate Jews and other "junior peoples".
Unfortunately, racism continues to be present in gimmicky European societies and politics. Although race is no longer accepted as a biological category and just few people believe at present in "superior races" with an inherent right to practice power over those considered "junior", the impact of racism lingers on and takes on different forms, such equally cultural racism or ethnocentrism, the conventionalities that some cultures, commonly their own, are superior or that other cultures, traditions, community and histories are incompatible with theirs.
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
21 March commemorates the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, when the police opened fire and killed 69 people at a peaceful demonstration against the apartheid laws in Sharpeville, South Africa.
UNITED for Intercultural Activeness, a European network against nationalism, racism, fascism and in support of migrants and refugees, co-ordinates a European-wide action week around this engagement to promote tolerance and equal rights, and to celebrate diverseness in Europe.seven
The widespread practices of deportation and unequal treatment of migrants, likewise as the structural discrimination against sure ethnic minorities such as Roma past many governments, nourishes xenophobia and latent racist feelings. Detest-motivated crimes that are supported past racist ideology are regularly in the news in many of the Council of Europe member states.
Question: Can you point out whatsoever recent cases of racist violence in your country?
Antisemitism
Antisemitism tin exist defined as "hostility towards Jews equally a religious or minority group often accompanied by social, economical, and political bigotry"9. Antisemitism has been widespread in European history upwardly to the present. By the end of the 19th century, Jewish communities in Russian federation had regularly became victims of pogroms, which were organised systematic discriminatory acts of violence confronting Jewish communities by the local population, often with the passive consent or agile participation of constabulary enforcement, encouraged by the antisemitic policies of governments. Attacks on Jewish communities were also common in other European countries, including amidst others France and Austria.
The rise of Fascism in the start office of the 20th century brought further hardship for many Jews in Europe, every bit antisemitism became function of the racist ideologies in power. This is true for Fascist regimes and parties that collaborated directly or indirectly with the German Nazi regime during the Holocaust, but it had too an influence in other societies and systems that were influenced by racist ideologies.
During the Holocaust, perpetrated past Nazi Germany and its allies in the Second Globe State of war, known besides equally the Shoah (a Hebrew word meaning desolation), an estimated 6 meg Jews were systematically exterminated for no other reason than that they were Jews.
With the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, pogroms ceased in the Soviet Marriage but antisemitism connected in different forms, including forced displacements, confiscation of holding and testify trials. Under communist regimes, antisemitism was oft too disguised nether official "anti-Zionist" policies.
Today, antisemitism remains widespread in Europe, even if in some cases information technology is harder for the public to identify or to admit. In contempo years, Jewish cemeteries have been desecrated, Jews are regular targets of hate oral communication and they are sometimes physically attacked. Inquiry regularly indicates ongoing high levels of antisemitism amidst mainstream European societies, accompanied by sporadic rises.
As the European Committee Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) pointed out, information technology is an alarming tendency in Europe, that despite all efforts antisemitism "continues to exist promoted, openly or in a coded mode, by certain political parties and leaders, including not only extremist parties, but also sure mainstream parties"ten, and in many cases there is tolerance or fifty-fifty credence of these agendas by certain segments of the population.
Question: What happened to Jewish people in your land during the Second Earth War?
Young people working against antisemitism
Movement confronting Intolerance (Spain)
Loftier Schoolhouse students repainted parts of Picasso's "Guernica" and reassembled them on a big wall in a public action to bear witness that the fatal realities of the past are present here and at present. During this process the symbols used in the painting and its relation to the Holocaust and the "Kristallnacht Pogrom" were explained to the audition.
Holocaust Centre and Foundation (Russia): International contests "Holocaust lessons – a way to Tolerance"
Since 2002 this center has run memorial programmes and international educational activities near tolerance and the Holocaust, including an annual competition for students and teachers from Russia, other European and CIS countries, Israel and the United states of america.
The Resolution 1563 (2007) of the Parliamentary Associates of the Council of Europe urges the fellow member states to criminalise and/or implement such legislation which condemns antisemitism, including, but not express to Holocaust denial, whether it is committed by individuals, groups or fifty-fifty political parties.11
The Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) of the European Marriage publishes overviews of the state of affairs of antisemitism in its fellow member states. In their 2010 update on antisemitism in the European union, the Agency noted that "most Member States exercise not have official or even unofficial data and statistics on antisemitic incidents". The Agency has recognised the importance of Holocaust didactics every bit a ways of addressing antisemitism, and over the years has initiated and participated in several joint projects in this area.12
Discrimination confronting Roma people:
Romaphobia and Antigypsyism
The name Roma or Romani is a commonage title for a very diverse ethnic group of people who self-identify as members of diverse sub-groups based for case on current or past geographical location, dialect, and occupation. There are approximately 10 meg Roma in Europe. A few groups live as travellers with no permanent abode, simply the bulk is at present living under sedentary conditions: there are urbanised Roma groups besides as many living in more or less segregated neighbourhoods or sections of smaller towns or villages. Roma are present in virtually all European countries.
Bigotry confronting Roma is deep rooted and a common reality all over Europe. As the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights pointed out, there are alarming trends throughout Europe, strongly resembling Nazi ideology and reasoning in relation to Roma, such as fears for safety and public health. Rhetoric criminalising the whole Roma population is as well very common throughout the fellow member states.14
As Roma are more than probable to be discriminated against, the Roma population is disproportionately vulnerable to armed conflicts, natural catastrophes or economic crises. In many countries, Roma have been victims of violent racist groups (in Bulgaria, Republic of hungary, Italy, Romania, and and then on), resulting in murders. Roma were caught in the crossfire of the armed conflicts in former Yugoslavia; Roma neighbourhoods and villages are often segregated and isolated.15 Many immature Roma abound up in hostile social environments where the only back up and recognition they take is in their own customs or family. They are denied many basic rights such as educational activity or health, or have express access to them.
Question: What is the estimated proportion of Roma in the population of your state?
Deportations of Romanian and Bulgarian Roma in 2010
In 2010, the French government appear a crackdown on illegal camps of Roma who had recently migrated to France, and sent several thousand of their inhabitants back to Romania and Republic of bulgaria, claiming that Roma settlements are major sources of crime and a public nuisance.
The UN Committee on the Emptying of Racial Discrimination sharply criticised France's crackdown and said that racism and xenophobia were undergoing a "significant resurgence". At the same time, opinion polls suggested that as many equally 65% of French people backed the regime's tough line.16 The European Committee of Social Rights ended unanimously that the forced evictions of Roma constituted a violation of rights provided for in the revised European Social Charter, including the freedom from discrimination and the right to housing.17
Porrajmos refers to the genocide of European Roma perpetrated by the Nazis and their allies between 1933 and 1945. The estimated number of victims varies, according to different sources, from between half a million to 2 million, leading to the loss of up to 70% of the pre-state of war Roma population.
Question: What are the typical means of presenting Roma in the news in your state?
A greater awareness and concern about the Roma is slowly emerging. The Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005–2015 stands equally an unprecedented political commitment by European governments to better the socio-economic status and social inclusion of Roma.xix Actions and programmes by immature people take also contributed to counteracting intolerance and prejudices towards Roma by deconstructing the stereotypes many of united states have grown upwards with. The international campaign Typical Roma?, for instance, addressed stigmatisation and stereotypes as root causes of the social exclusion of Roma.20
The Council of Europe began working against the bigotry of Roma in 1969 past adopting the starting time official text on the "situation of Gypsies and other Travellers in Europe". In 2006, the Quango of Europe launched the Roma entrada Dosta!, an awareness-raising attempt that aims at bringing non-Roma closer to Roma people.
In 2010 the Strasbourg Declaration on Roma was adopted at a High Level Coming together; in the declaration the member states agreed on prioritising action for not-bigotry and social inclusion of Roma, including the active participation of Roma.
In 2012 the youth sector of the Council of Europe, together with European Roma networks and organisations, initiated a Roma Youth Activeness Plan in order to improve the participation of Roma youth in European policies on Roma and youth, and to counter furnishings of bigotry on young Roma.
ECRI also pays attention to the situation of Roma in Europe; its General Recommendation 13 (2011) on Combating Antigypsyism and Bigotry against Roma stresses that antigypsyism is an "peculiarly persistent, violent, recurrent and commonplace course of racism" and urges governments to gainsay antigypsyism in the fields of teaching, employment, housing and health and combat racist violence and crimes against Roma.
The European Union is also increasingly acknowledging the need to counteract the effects of bigotry against Roma in its fellow member states. In April 2011, the European Commission issued "An European union Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020"21, which stated that "In spite of some progress achieved both in the Member States and at EU level over the past years, piddling has changed in the day-to-day situation of about of the Roma".
Intolerance based on organized religion
Freedom of religion and religious tolerance are basic values present in every European country, notwithstanding acts of bigotry based on religion have non however disappeared. Religious intolerance is oft linked with racism and xenophobia – particularly with Antisemitism and Islamophobia. Whereas in the by Europe was characterised by conflicts between, and discrimination of Protestant or Catholic Christians, Roman and Eastern Orthodox or "official" churches and dissenting groups, today the political differences among Christian denominations have become far less important. At the same time many religious communities in minority positions go along to thrive beyond Europe, including Baha'is, Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Rastafarians. This growing religious variety is frequently ignored, as well every bit those millions of Europeans who are non religious.
Religious intolerance and discrimination are often linked with racism and xenophobia and, therefore, tend to involve multiple discrimination.
Question: What minority religions be in your country?
Discrimination based on gender identity, gender or sexual orientation
Gender-related discrimination includes the discrimination of women equally opposed to men (this form is as well chosen sexism or sex discrimination) and that of transgender or transsexual people, whose gender identity is inconsistent or non culturally associated with their assigned sex. Bigotry based on sexual orientation affects homosexual and bisexual people. As equality between women and men is discussed in detail in the section on Gender, here we only address the other forms of gender- or sex-related discrimination.
Homophobia is often divers as "an irrational fear of and aversion to homosexuality and of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT22) people, based on prejudice, similar to racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and sexism"23, every bit well as people who are perceived as being LGBT. If directed against transgender people, information technology is chosen "transphobia". Various totalitarian regimes of the 20th century fabricated homophobia a part of their political ideology, such as Nazism in Germany, Stalinism in the Soviet Union or Fascism in Spain. Democratic regimes in Europe have, nevertheless, justified homophobic legislation, including pathologisation and criminalisation of homosexuality, and, with information technology, structural discrimination of LGBT people for a long time. Today, discrimination against LGBT people still occurs in all societies in Europe in spite of the fact that many states take adopted anti-discrimination legislation. Many LGBT people cannot fully enjoy their universal human being rights, run the risk of becoming victims of detest crime and may not receive protection when attacked in the street by beau citizens.
In many parts of the world, LGBT people are subjected to dissimilar forms of violence that range from verbal attacks to being murdered. In many countries in the world, the practise of homosexuality is nonetheless a criminal offense and in some of them it is punishable by a prison house judgement or the death punishment24.
LGBT people are often denied their human rights, for example the right to piece of work, as they go fired or are discriminated against past employers because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. The correct to safety and security of a person is another which is very often violated when (young) people are bullied at school or harassed in the piece of work place. Lesbian and gay couples in many countries of Europe feel discriminated in such areas as the correct to marry, to found a family or to adopt children.
Question: In what areas of life are LGBT persons discriminated against in your land?
Council of Europe's work
The European Court of Human Rights has often had a pioneering role in sanctioning homophobia. In a series of cases the court constitute that discrimination in the criminal law regarding consenting relations between adults in private was contrary to the right to respect for individual life in Article eight of the ECHR (Dudgeon v. UK, 1981, Norris 5. Republic of ireland, 1988, Modinos v. Cyprus, 1993). The Court was in fact the beginning international body to find that sexual orientation criminal laws violate human rights and has had the longest and largest jurisprudence in addressing sexual orientation issues. There have also been several cases related to single-parent adoption.
In 2011, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Homo Rights published his report on discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. The report welcomed the advances fabricated in the field of LGBT rights in virtually member states, stating that "the pathologisation and criminalisation of homosexuality in Europe clearly belong to the by". At the same fourth dimension the study noted that serious concerns remain in many areas of human rights of LGBT persons, and this is especially true of the rights of transgender persons.26
The Council of Europe fix up a unit on LGBT Issues in order to to streamline piece of work on LGBT matters. This was announced as the first-ever construction of its kind in an international intergovernmental institution and signals the importance of LGBT issues within the framework of human rights in Europe.
Education, both formal and not-formal, play a key role in reducing and eradicating prejudice against LGBT people. Information technology is only through education that prejudices tin can be addressed and challenged. The programmes of the European Youth Centres and of the European Youth Foundation regularly feature human rights teaching and training activities for multipliers and activists against homophobia. These include study sessions organised in co-performance with youth organisations such as the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer Youth and Student Organization (IGLYO) and the Association of Nordic and Pol-Balt LGBTQ Educatee Organizations (ANSO).
Counteracting Discrimination
Education
There are several approaches to anti-discrimination and anti-racist activities including:
- legal action to enforce the correct to non-discrimination
- educational programmes that heighten awareness nigh the mechanisms of prejudice and intolerance and how they contribute to discriminate and oppress people, and on the appreciation of multifariousness and promoting tolerance
- activism by civil society to denounce discrimination and prejudice, to annul detest crimes and hate speech, to back up victims of discrimination or to promote changes in legislation.
Educators recognise the need to develop in every person a tolerant, non-discriminatory mental attitude and create a learning surroundings that acknowledges and benefits from diversity instead of ignoring or excluding it. Every bit office of this development, those who piece of work with children or youth, also as children and young people themselves, should become aware of their own and others' discriminatory behaviours. For instance, human rights educational activities tin can assist participants to develop sensation and empathy on the 1 hand, and resilience and assertiveness on the other hand and then that people can avert, foreclose or stand up up confronting discrimination.
Intercultural learning is the procedure of learning about diversity and has been a central approach in European youth work. In the youth field of the Council of Europe, intercultural learning is presented as "a procedure of social education aimed at promoting a positive human relationship between people and groups from different cultural backgrounds"27 and promotes mutual respect and solidarity.
International human rights framework
United Nations
I of the primary tools of fighting discrimination within the United nations organization is the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Bigotry, which commits the signatory states to the elimination of racial discrimination. The Convention includes an individual complaints' mechanism and is monitored by the Commission on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), a body of contained experts. All states parties are obliged to submit regular reports to the Committee, which in turn addresses its concerns and recommendations to the state party in the form of "concluding observations". The Commission has three other mechanisms for its monitoring functions: the early on-warning procedure, the exam of inter-country complaints and the examination of private complaints.
Other conventions of the UN address discrimination against specific groups, such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Confronting Women or the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
OSCE is a regional security organisation with 56 fellow member states from 3 continents (including all the Quango of Europe member states). The OSCE besides participates in combating all forms of racism, xenophobia and discrimination, including antisemitism, and discrimination against Christians and Muslims. One of its institutions is the Warsaw-based Role for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) which:
- Collects and distributes data and statistics on detest crimes
- Promotes best practices in the fight against intolerance and bigotry
- Provides assistance to participating states in drafting and reviewing legislation on crimes fuelled by intolerance and discrimination.
The OSCE has a Loftier Commissioner on National Minorities whose mandate includes identifying and seeking the early resolution of tensions involving national minority bug.
The European Wedlock anti-bigotry policies
According to Article 21.i of the Charter of Central Rights of the Eu, "any discrimination based on any basis such as sex, race, color, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, organized religion or belief, political or whatever other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, nascency, disability, age or sexual orientation, shall be prohibited".
The EU has several anti-discrimination Directives. The Racial Equality Directive ensures equal treatment between people, irrespective of racial or ethnic origin. The Employment Equality Framework Directive prohibits discrimination in the workplace on grounds of inability, sexual orientation, religion or conventionalities, and age. The equality of men and women are provided for in 2 Directives, one in matters of employment and occupation the other in the admission to and supply of appurtenances and services29.
The EU legislation likewise requires that each member state has a designated national equality trunk which tin can exist contacted for advice and support.
Questions around the denial of asylum to refugees, deaths of many migrants on the EU borders, Islamophobia, and the deportation of Roma continue to divide the European union members and tarnish its record of anti-discrimination efforts. A threat to human rights also comes from political parties which in power laissez passer de facto discriminative legislation. These problems can be remedied but by a comprehensive policy, including youth policy in the sphere of not-bigotry, combating racism and intolerance.
The Quango of Europe
Combating racism and intolerance was at the middle of the creation of the Council of Europe in 1949, and remains one of its priorities today. In addition to the European Convention of Homo Rights and other conventions, the Council has set up specific instruments addressing racism, bigotry and intolerance. In 1993, the ECRI was created as an independent human rights torso to monitor the situation with regard to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, antisemitism and intolerance in each member land, and to make specific recommendations to their governments and general recommendations addressed to all member states.
While the ECRI is the Council of Europe's master trunk in combating racism and intolerance, other bodies and departments of the Organization such as the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Commissioner for Homo Rights, the Informational Commission on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Court on Man Rights also contribute to this objective.
The Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities recognises that "[the]protection of national minorities and of the rights and freedoms of persons belonging to those minorities forms an integral part of the international protection of homo rights" (Commodity 1). Land parties to the convention are committed to guarantee to national minorities the right of equality earlier the police also as in all areas of economic, social, political and cultural life; ensuring their correct to freedom of peaceful assembly, association, expression, thought, conscience and religion; and enabling national minority members to maintain, develop and preserve their culture. Information technology too prohibits forced assimilation.30
Segregation of Roma children the Czechia condemned by the ECHR31
"The applicants were schoolchildren of Roma origin who were placed in "special schools" intended for pupils with learning disabilities. They submitted that they had been treated differently in the education sphere to children who were non of Roma origin in that, by being placed in special schools without justification, they received a substantially junior education to that provided in ordinary main schools, with the result that they were denied admission to secondary education other than in vocational training centres." The Court found a violation of Article xiv (prohibition of bigotry) read in conjunction with Article two of Protocol No. i (right to didactics).32
Question: Which public regime have the responsibleness to combat bigotry in your country?
European youth policies have traditionally included a stiff dimension of intercultural learning and combating racism and prejudice. Calendar 2020, the master youth policy document of the Council of Europe, puts a special accent on "preventing and counteracting all forms of racism and discrimination on whatsoever ground" and recognises intercultural learning as a non-formal educational method "particularly relevant for promoting intercultural dialogue and combating racism and intolerance"33. I of major actions of youth work and youth policy against discrimination have been the European youth campaigns All Unlike – All Equal, which mobilised young people against racism, antisemitism, xenophobia and intolerance and for diversity, human being rights and participation. Thousands of young people took part in the diverse activities of the campaign throughout Europe.
The White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together every bit Equals in Dignity" was adopted past the Council of Europe in 2008 and provides guidelines and analytical and methodological tools for the promotion of intercultural dialogue by policymakers and practitioners. It promotes intercultural approaches for managing cultural variety, based on human dignity and embracing "our common humanity and mutual destiny".
Despite the wide spectrum of existing instruments and approaches to combat racism, xenophobia and discrimination, hostility against foreigners, violation of the rights of minorities, loftier levels of aggressive nationalism and banal forms of discrimination are nevertheless a daily reality in well-nigh societies across Europe. That is why it is so important today to be agile and artistic in promoting diversity, equality, non-discrimination and human rights.
Endnotes
1 Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
two Mario Peucker, "Racism, xenophobia and structural discrimination in sports", Country report, Germany, Bamberg, 2009, p26:
world wide web.efms.uni-bamberg.de/pdf/RACISM_in_SPORT_2010.pdf
3 Pedagogy Pack "All Dissimilar – All Equal" – "Ideas, resources, methods and activities for informal intercultural pedagogy with young people and adults" (revised edition) Council of Europe, 2005
4 For example, see American Anthropological Association Statement on "Race": world wide web.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm
5 Racism and the administration of justice, Amnesty International, 2001, AI Index: 40/020/2001: www.amnestymena.org/Documents/ACT%2040/ACT400202001en.pdf
6 Lydia Gall, Coercive Sterilisation – an Example of Multiple Discrimination, 2010: world wide web.errc.org/cikk.php?page=10&cikk=3564
vii www.unitedagainstracism.org
8 Alana Lentin, "Committed to Making a Difference. Racism, antisemitism, xenophobia, and intolerance and their bear upon on young people in Europe" (symposium report), 2006
nine Webster's Third New International Dictionary
x ECRI Full general Policy Recommendation No.9: The fight against antisemitism, June 2004, CRI(2004)37
11 http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta07/eres1563.htm
12 http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/Antisemitism_Update_2010.pdf
13 Valeriu Nicolae, ergonetwork: www.ergonetwork.org/antigypsyism.htm
14 "Positions on the human rights of Roma", Position Paper from the Commissioner for Human Rights
https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1631909
15 Dosta! Campaign groundwork information. world wide web.dosta.org/en/node/55
16 Q&A: France Roma expulsions, BBC commodity www.bbc.co.great britain/news/earth-europe-11027288
17 Resolution CM/ResChS(2011)nine Collective Complaint No. 63/2010 https://wcd.coe.int
xviii Ingrid Ramberg, "Committed to Making a Difference. Racism, antisemitism, xenophobia, and intolerance and their affect on young people in Europe" (symposium report), 2006
19 Learn more at world wide web.romadecade.org
xx Learn more at world wide web.typicalroma.eu
21 http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/bigotry/docs/com_2011_173_en.pdf
22 Intersex people (variety of weather in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual beefcake that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male) and the ones who identify themselves as "queer" may associate themselves with the LGBT community, which is then collectively referred as LGBTIQ.
23 European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe (P6_TA(2006)0018), Jan eighteen, 2006, www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2006-0018&language=EN
24 ILGA "State Sponsored Homophobia", May 2009: www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf
25 "Social Exclusion of Immature Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) People in Europe", ILGA-Europe and IGLYO, April 2006, world wide web.iglyo.com/content/files/2006-Study-SocialExclusion.pdf
26 www.coe.int/t/Commissioner/Source/LGBT/LGBTStudy2011_en.pdf
27 Equipe Claves, quoted in "Intercultural Learning in European Youth Work: Which Ways Forrad?", past Ingrig Ramberg (ed.), Council of Europe, 2009.
28 Un Earth Conference Against Racism, Racial Bigotry, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance: www.un.org./WCAR/durban.pdf
29 Directives (2000/43/EC), (2000/78/EC), (2006/54/EC) and (2004/113/EC) respectively.
thirty Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm
31 Instance of D.H. and Others 5. the Czech republic (Application No. 57325/00), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 November 2007: www.asil.org/pdfs/ilib071214.pdf
32 60 years of the European Convention on Human Rights: Roma Rights, 2010, Council of Europe
33 Final Proclamation: The Hereafter of the Council of Europe youth policy: Agenda 2020, 8th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for youth, Kyiv, 2008: www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/ig_coop/8_cemry_declaration_EN.asp
Source: https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/discrimination-and-intolerance
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